推进地方食品监管大部制改革的组织现状及完善对策——基于贵州省的调查

食品监管大部制改革在地方推进中面临诸多困难与障碍,特别是西部欠发达地区。通过对地方食品监管大部制改革中组织现状的实地调查,从机构及职能部门设置、职责界定及划分、组织协调机制、组织保障能力等层面,对地方食品监管组织进行了纵向与横向比较,分析了目前地方食品监管组织存在的结构不合理、职责划分不清与职能分工不科学、协调机制不完善与协调方式单一、人员及经费保障能力弱等问题,最后从完善地方立法进程,推进监管机构渐进式改革与职能整合,促进监管职责科学界定及职能转变、完善组织协调机制并推动协调方式创新、加强保障能力建设等,探讨了推进地方食品监管大部制改革的组织完善对策。     

风险条件下农户对粮食补贴政策的预期及其行为反应——基于粮食主产区农户的调研

粮食补贴政策通过农户生产行为实现其政策传导,那么,在农业生产风险条件下,农户的风险偏好和政策预期是否影响到粮食补贴政策的作用发挥?基于粮食主产区农户的调研数据,将行为经济学的实验性测试分析方法运用于农户行为研究,分析不同风险偏好农户对补贴政策的预期和行为反应。研究结果显示:农户对粮食补贴政策的认知、态度及其风险偏好通过农户的政策预期作用到农户种粮决策行为,且农户的风险偏好和生产行为决策出现了"效用不一致"的现象,风险规避型农户对粮食补贴政策的预期相对较强,有更强烈的稳定粮食生产的预期,据此提出粮食补贴政策设计时应该考虑农户风险偏好特征,将风险规避型农户的粮食生产激励政策放在首要地位,稳定和刺激粮食生产发展。     

城镇化对农地利用强度的影响

以武汉城市圈为案例区,采用固定效应模型从经济城镇化、土地城镇化、社会城镇化、人口城镇化等方面定量分析了城镇化对农地利用强度的影响.结果表明:经济城镇化、土地城镇化、社会城镇化、人口城镇化对农地利用强度均具有显著的影响;人均GDP对农地利用强度的提升具有显著的促进作用,而城镇化进程中非农就业机会的增加对农地利用强度的提升具有显著的抑制作用;人均耕地面积和耕地减少量对农地利用强度均具有显著的抑制作用;人口城镇化对农地利用强度具有显著的促进作用;公路密度对农地利用强度具有显著的促进作用,农业机械总动力在当前阶段对农地利用强度有抑制作用.     

危害食品安全犯罪刑法规制的困境及出路

当前,危害食品安全犯罪仍然处于十分严峻的态势。究其原因,既有刑事立法本身的欠缺,也有刑法适用中的问题。要遏制危害食品安全犯罪的高发态势,一方面需要完善刑事立法,与《食品安全法》相衔接增设资格刑,优化食品安全犯罪的没收财产刑,增设持有型犯罪;另一方面需要强化刑罚打击力度,加强对危害食品安全犯罪的刑事处罚。     

灌溉水资源效率、空间溢出与影响因素

选取2004—2013年全国和31个省市区的劳动力、资本、农用物质、灌溉水吸收量、生态包袱、污染排放量和粮食产量,分别运用MFA、SFA和DEA方法测量粮食生产灌溉水资源的资源生产率、技术效率和全要素资源效率,运用Moran’s I指数检验3种水资源效率的空间溢出效应,并采用Panel Data模型对影响3种水资源效率的因素进行实证分析。结果显示：全国粮食生产的水资源生产率稳步提高,灌溉条件改善中技术效率提高缓慢,全要素水资源效率中经济效率明显高于生态效率和环境效率;区域粮食生产的灌溉水资源效率分化明显;全局性的灌溉水资源效率空间溢出效应不明显;人均用水量与灌溉水资源效率间存在显著正向关系,农业用水比例与灌溉水资源效率间存在显著负向关系。因此,必须实行水资源效率细分与综合管理,特别是对效率落后地区实行重点整治;通过制度创新促进效率外溢,并加强效率影响因素的动态监测。     

Social policy and embedded evaluation: Assessing the impact of a food insecurity project in the United Kingdom

Social policy making needs to involve robust evaluation to assess its impact. In this article, a social policy intervention focused on tackling food insecurity amongst vulnerable people is examined and the benefits and challenges of using an embedded approach to evaluation are considered. Food insecurity is defined as not always having the economic, social, and physical resources to ensure a sufficient supply of nutritionally appropriate food. Evidence suggests that food insecurity in the United Kingdom is increasing in the context of long-term poverty, austerity, insecure employment, rising living costs, low pay, and cuts to welfare and public services. An embedded evaluation was conducted involving interviews with the intervention participants and observations of a series of cooking and food budgeting classes. The findings suggest that the classes had a positive impact on many of the participants, who felt more confident about cooking and valued the shared experience. However, given the acute problems facing many of the participants including long-term poverty, policies aimed at tackling food insecurity need to go beyond cooking and food budgeting skills. The embedded evaluation approach contributed towards the overall impact of the intervention by providing insights that led to changes as part of an iterative process during the intervention rather than in the form of a final report after its completion. An embedded evaluation-based approach can be resource intensive, and the role of the evaluators can present challenges, but it can help to bridge the gap between intervention design, delivery, and social change.     

三种运营模式下O2O外卖服务供应链质量努力策略研究

O2O外卖作为"互联网+"时代下的新型餐饮模式，日益受到人们的关注。本文研究的O2O外卖服务供应链由一个O2O外卖平台、一个餐饮商家和一个配送骑手构成。O2O外卖平台决策平台的服务质量努力和服务费用，餐饮商家决策产品价格，骑手决策配送服务质量努力程度，同时会受到来自平台或商家的服务质量激励。通过分析商家配送、平台配送和商家自建平台+配送三种运营模式，分别构建O2O外卖服务供应链成员的利润函数，运用博弈理论，优化得到不同模式下O2O外卖服务供应链成员的最优质量控制策略和最优利润。利用公式推导和对比分析，分别探讨了骑手激励金额上限和市场规模对服务供应链最优策略和最优利润的影响。通过数值仿真，可得结论：服务供应链各成员利润均随着市场规模的增大而增大，随着骑手激励金额上限的增加而先增大后减少。当市场规模较小时，平台配送模式下商家最优利润最大。而当市场规模较大时，商家自建平台+配送模式下商家最优利润最大。     

食品安全犯罪的法律归属再探讨

新近学界泛起将食品安全犯罪的法律归属调整到危害公共安全罪的观点，其立论的最大“法宝”在于食品安全犯罪侵害了不特定多数人的健康生命权，即公共安全。其实，“危害后果严重”不是判断主要客体的依据，食品安全犯罪的法律归属取决于其行为特性和本国立法价值取向及立法传统。食品安全犯罪与传统的危害公共安全罪不具有兼容性，将其归属于生产、销售伪劣商品罪并无不妥。     

一生多半在车船--李笠翁“苦游”四海

李笠翁一生不断搬家和出游，自谓“一生多半在车船”，当是实录。单说长游，就有五次：最早的一次是康熙三四年间游粤；紧接着是康熙五至七年游京师连着游晋秦；回金陵住了一年多后，于康熙九年游闽；又隔一年，游楚；最后是康熙十二至十三年第二次游京师。此外，笠翁还在68岁高龄时，于贫病交加之中作了一次湖州之游。在别人，外出大都是“乐”游；而在笠翁，则是“苦”游。在别人，是衣食无忧，到外面长见识，增阅历，或观赏大自然的美景；而在笠翁，则是去“就食”，即像牧民“逐水草而居”找饭吃。别人是“吃饱了饭”去游玩“消食”；而笠翁却是“饿着肚子”出游“找食”，自谓“为饥驱而走四方”。当然，“苦”中有乐，“饥驱四方，遍历名胜”；同时也有收获———除“化缘”得“食”之外，还收获了诗文，也收获了友谊。但是，笠翁出游，“苦”是主打，“乐”是陪衬；“苦”是正业，“乐”是副产品。     

Evaluation of the Food and Agriculture Sector Criticality Assessment Tool (FASCAT) and the Collected Data

To protect and secure food resources for the United States, it is crucial to have a method to compare food systems’ criticality. In 2007, the U.S. government funded development of the Food and Agriculture Sector Criticality Assessment Tool (FASCAT) to determine which food and agriculture systems were most critical to the nation. FASCAT was developed in a collaborative process involving government officials and food industry subject matter experts (SMEs). After development, data were collected using FASCAT to quantify threats, vulnerabilities, consequences, and the impacts on the United States from failure of evaluated food and agriculture systems. To examine FASCAT's utility, linear regression models were used to determine: (1) which groups of questions posed in FASCAT were better predictors of cumulative criticality scores; (2) whether the items included in FASCAT's criticality method or the smaller subset of FASCAT items included in DHS's risk analysis method predicted similar criticality scores. Akaike's information criterion was used to determine which regression models best described criticality, and a mixed linear model was used to shrink estimates of criticality for individual food and agriculture systems. The results indicated that: (1) some of the questions used in FASCAT strongly predicted food or agriculture system criticality; (2) the FASCAT criticality formula was a stronger predictor of criticality compared to the DHS risk formula; (3) the cumulative criticality formula predicted criticality more strongly than weighted criticality formula; and (4) the mixed linear regression model did not change the rank‐order of food and agriculture system criticality to a large degree.